1. What are some popular cultural activities to do in Marang, Thailand?
Some popular cultural activities to do in Marang, Thailand include:
1. Visiting local temples and shrines such as Wat Phra That Chedi Luang and Wat Phra That Don Kaeo
2. Participating in traditional Thai cooking classes or food tours to learn about local cuisine
3. Attending cultural festivals such as the Songkran water festival or Loi Krathong lantern festival
4. Exploring local markets and shopping for souvenirs and handcrafted items made by locals
5. Watching traditional Thai dance performances at cultural centers like Kad Theater
6. Trying out traditional Thai massage techniques at a spa or wellness center
7. Taking a boat tour to visit nearby islands and fishing villages
8. Visiting historical sites such as Baan Mae Kampong, a traditional Hmong village in the mountains
9. Joining a homestay program to immerse yourself in the local way of life
10. Learning about batik painting and creating your own piece at a local workshop.
2. How has the traditional way of life in Marang been preserved over the years?
The traditional way of life in Marang has been preserved over the years through a combination of factors, including:
1. Strong cultural values and beliefs: The people of Marang have held on to their traditional way of life because of the strong cultural values and beliefs that have been passed down from generation to generation. These customs and traditions continue to shape their daily routines, social interactions, and spiritual beliefs.
2. Isolation from modern developments: Marang is a relatively isolated rural community, with limited access to the outside world. This isolation has helped to shield them from the rapid changes and influences imposed by modern developments that may erode their traditional practices.
3. Agricultural-based economy: The main source of livelihood for the people in Marang is agriculture, which has remained largely traditional. They continue to rely on farming methods that have been used for centuries, such as using manual tools instead of modern machinery.
4. Oral tradition: The passing down of knowledge and experiences through oral tradition is an essential part of the cultural heritage in Marang. Elders pass on stories, songs, and rituals to younger generations, keeping their traditions alive.
5. Preservation efforts by the community: The people in Marang actively participate in preserving their traditional way of life by organizing cultural activities such as festivals and ceremonies that showcase their heritage. This not only helps to keep their customs alive but also promotes a sense of pride in their culture among younger members.
6. Government support: The local government recognizes the importance of preserving Marang’s traditional way of life and has implemented policies and programs aimed at safeguarding its unique cultural heritage.
Overall, a combination of these factors has helped preserve the traditional wayof life in Marang over the years, ensuring its continuation for future generations.
3. What are some unique customs and traditions of the people of Marang?
Some unique customs and traditions of the people of Marang may include:
1. Celebrating the annual Ramadan Bazaar – During the holy month of Ramadan, Marang holds its own bazaar where local vendors sell traditional food and snacks for iftar (breaking fast) meals. This is a popular event for the community to come together and celebrate their faith.
2. Participating in Moji-Moji – This is a traditional dance performance that involves colorful costumes, lively music, and energetic movements. It is often performed during special occasions such as weddings, festivals, or cultural events.
3. Traditional boat racing (Regatta) – The Regatta is a popular event held annually in Marang, where locals compete in traditional boat races along the Sungai Kelantan river. It is a way to showcase their skills and strength in navigating through the water.
4. Visiting local shrines and temples – The people of Marang often visit various shrines and temples across the district to pay respects, seek blessings, or perform religious rituals. These places are highly respected by the community.
5. Traditional handicrafts – The people of Marang are skilled in making traditional handicrafts such as batik fabric, woven mats (tikar), and wood carvings (ukiran). These crafts are not only beautiful but also represent their cultural heritage.
6. Traditional herbal medicine – Many people in Marang still use traditional herbal remedies for various ailments and illnesses. They believe in the healing power of natural herbs and plants passed down through generations.
7. Food sharing culture – The people of Marang have a strong sense of community, which is reflected in their food sharing culture. It is common for neighbors to share dishes with each other during celebrations or when someone falls ill.
8. Wau-making competition – Wau or kite flying has been a long-standing tradition among Malaysians including those living in Marang. The district hosts an annual Wau-making competition, where participants showcase their beautiful and intricate handmade kites.
4. Are there any festivals or celebrations that showcase the local culture in Marang?
There are several festivals and celebrations in Marang that showcase the local culture, such as:
1. Marang Fest: This is an annual festival held in the town of Marang to celebrate the abundance of the local fruit, also called marang. The festival features traditional dances, music performances, and a variety of marang-based dishes.
2. Pulau Kapas Festival: This festival is held annually on Kapas Island to celebrate its unique culture and natural beauty. Visitors can enjoy cultural performances, traditional games, and water activities during the festival.
3. Ma’al Hijrah Festival: Celebrated every year on 1st Muharram (the Islamic New Year), this festival showcases the Islamic heritage and traditions of Marang through various cultural performances and religious activities.
4. Gendang Anak Awi Festival: This festival celebrates the traditional drum-making skills of the Awi community in Marang. It features drum-making workshops, musical performances, and other cultural activities.
5. Pesta Nelayan Kampung Pasir Raja: Held in Kampung Pasir Raja, a fishing village in Marang, this festival celebrates the local fishermen’s way of life with traditional boat races, fish-catching competitions, and seafood feasts.
6. Hari Keluarga Bahagia (Happy Family Day): This is a community event organized by the local government to promote strong family values and unity among residents of Marang. The event features family-oriented activities, such as sports competitions, educational workshops, and cultural performances.
5. How has religion played a role in shaping the culture of Marang?
Religion has played a significant role in shaping the culture of Marang. The majority of people in Marang practice Sunni Islam, which has influenced many aspects of their daily lives and customs.
One of the main ways that religion has shaped the culture of Marang is through its influence on social norms and values. Islam places great emphasis on community, brotherhood, and respect for elders, which are all highly valued in Marang’s society. This has created a strong sense of unity and togetherness among the people, as well as a deep respect for traditional family structures and hierarchies.
Religion also plays a major role in rituals and celebrations in Marang. Islamic festivals such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha are widely celebrated with special prayers and traditional food preparations. These celebrations bring people together and strengthen the community spirit.
Islamic teachings also heavily influence the roles and expectations of men and women in Marang. While men are expected to be providers and leaders within their families, women play an important role as caregivers, maintaining the household, and raising children. This division of labor is deeply ingrained in Marang’s culture and religious beliefs.
Additionally, religion has shaped art forms such as dance, music, and literature in Marang. Islamic values have influenced these artistic expressions to reflect themes of love for God, gratitude, faith, peace, and social responsibility.
Overall, religion is deeply intertwined with the daily life of people in Marang, shaping their values, traditions, social norms, gender roles, art forms, and community spirit. It continues to play a crucial role in preserving the unique cultural identity of this region.
6. Can you tell us about any significant historical sites or landmarks that reflect the cultural heritage of Marang?
Some significant historical sites and landmarks in Marang that reflect the cultural heritage of the area include:1) The Pulau Duyong Cultural Village – This traditional Malay village is a popular tourist attraction that showcases the cultural heritage of Marang. Visitors can experience traditional Malay houses, crafts, cuisine, and performances.
2) Terengganu State Museum – Located in nearby Kuala Terengganu, this museum has exhibits on the history and culture of Terengganu, including artifacts from Marang such as traditional boats and fishing tools.
3) Seberang Takir River Mouth – This river mouth marks the spot where Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Di-Julang, the first Sultan of Terengganu, landed in 1725 to start his reign. It holds special historical significance for the people of Marang.
4) Istana Teluk Empang – This royal palace was built in 1808 and serves as the residence of the current Sultan of Terengganu. It reflects traditional Malay architecture and is open to visitors for tours.
5) Masjid Tengku Tengah Zaharah – Also known as Masjid Ladang or Masjid Kampung Bukit Tunggal, this mosque was built in 1831 by Tengku Tengah Zaharah, one of the leading women figures in Terengganu’s history. Its unique design incorporates both Islamic and local elements.
6) The Lighthouse at Tanjong Geliga – Built during British colonial rule in Malaya (1819-1957), this lighthouse stands tall at 37 meters high and still functions as a navigational aid for ships entering Marang’s harbor.
7. What types of traditional handicrafts and products can be found in Marang?
Some traditional handicrafts and products that can be found in Marang include:
1. Batik Sarong – hand-drawn or stamped fabrics featuring intricate patterns and designs.
2. Keris – a traditional Malay dagger with a wavy blade, often used for ceremonial purposes.
3. Wau – traditional giant kite made of bamboo and paper, often decorated with colorful intricate designs.
4. Songkok – a traditional Muslim cap made of velvet or felt, worn as part of the national dress for men in Malaysia.
5. Handwoven mengkuang bags and baskets – made from the leaves of the mengkuang plant, these bags and baskets are durable and commonly used for storing goods or for carrying items.
6. Traditional Malay silverware – including handcrafted jewellery, accessories, and utensils such as teapots, trays, and bowls.
7. Bamboo handicrafts – bamboo is abundant in Marang and is used to create various household items such as mats, hats, fans, and blinds.
8. Coconut-based products – coconut trees are plentiful in Marang; thus products such as coconut oil, soaps, candles, furniture, etc., can be found here.
9. Wooden carvings – intricately carved wooden objects such as musical instruments (gong), souvenir items (keychains), home decorations (masks) can also be found in Marang.
10. Traditional Malay delicacies – visitors can also find locally-made snacks such as dodol (sweet concoction made from coconut milk), keropok lekor (fish crackers), kuih lompat tikam (coconut-based dessert) at markets or local shops in Marang.
8. Are there any unique local cuisines or dishes that represent the culture of Marang?
Yes, there are a few unique local cuisines and dishes in Marang, which represent the culture of the region. These include:
1. Keropok Lekor – This is a popular snack in Marang made from a mixture of fish paste and sago flour, which is then rolled into cylindrical shapes and deep-fried.
2. Nasi Dagang – This dish consists of steamed rice cooked with coconut milk and served with spicy fish curry or chicken curry. It is a staple breakfast food in Marang.
3. Pudding Telur Belanga – This dessert is made from eggs, palm sugar, and coconut milk, cooked over low heat in a traditional clay pot called belanga.
4. Satar – Satar is another popular snack in Marang, consisting of spiced fish paste wrapped in banana leaves and grilled over hot charcoal.
5. Sungkai Fish Soup – This soup is made from fresh river fish, herbs, and vegetables such as daikon radish and tomatoes. It is usually served with steamed rice.
6. Gulai Tempoyak Ikan Patin – This dish consists of catfish cooked with fermented durian paste (tempoyak) and various spices, giving it a unique tangy flavor.
7. Ketupat Sotong – This dish features squid stuffed with glutinous rice cooked in coconut milk and spices and then grilled to perfection.
8. Jeruk Buah Saga – Jeruk Buah Saga is a type of pickled fruit that is unique to Marang. It is made by preserving saga seeds (from the saga tree) in salt water for several weeks before being consumed as a refreshing snack or side dish.
9. Pulut Panggang – This traditional savory snack consists of glutinous rice filling wrapped inside banana leaf cones before being grilled over an open fire for added smokiness.
10.Mi Kolak Tahu – This dish is a combination of yellow noodles cooked in spicy coconut milk with fried tofu and beansprouts, served with shredded cucumber, lime, and chili paste on the side.
9. How have modern influences impacted the cultural landscape of Marang?
Recent modern influences, such as globalization and technology, have significantly impacted the cultural landscape of Marang.
1. Increased Diversity: With the rise of globalization, Marang has become more diverse with people from different ethnicities and cultures settling in the city. This has led to a fusion of cultures, creating a unique mix of traditions, customs, and languages.
2. Westernization: The influx of Western culture through media and global brands has played a significant role in shaping the lifestyle and values of the younger generation in Marang. They are increasingly adopting Western clothing styles, music, and entertainment.
3. Social Media: The widespread use of social media platforms has connected Marang with the rest of the world. People can now easily access information about different cultures and trends, breaking geographical barriers and encouraging cultural exchange.
4. Infrastructure Development: The development of modern infrastructure such as highways, airports, shopping malls, and high-rise buildings has transformed the physical landscape of Marang. This reflects a more modern and urban lifestyle which is reflected in people’s behavior and attitudes.
5. Economic Growth: The introduction of modern industries and businesses in Marang has brought economic growth to the city. This has increased employment opportunities for locals and attracted foreign workers who bring their own cultural influences to the city.
6. Education: With an increasing number of students going abroad for higher education, there is a growing exposure to different cultures which is then brought back to Marang upon their return. This leads to a more cosmopolitan outlook among young people in the city.
7. Tourism: The tourism industry in Marang has also been affected by modern influences as it caters to visitors from all over the globe. As a result, there is an increased demand for international cuisine, entertainment options, and accommodation that caters to diverse preferences.
Overall, these modern influences have contributed to an evolving cultural landscape in Marang that embraces both traditional values and contemporary elements. While many people still hold on to their cultural roots, there is a growing acceptance and adoption of modern influences, making Marang a dynamic and vibrant city.
10. Can visitors participate in any cultural experiences, such as homestays or learning traditional dances, while in Marang?
Yes, visitors can participate in cultural experiences such as homestays and traditional dances while in Marang. The local community and tourism organizations offer opportunities for tourists to stay with a local family or participate in traditional dance performances. These experiences allow for a deeper understanding of the local culture and customs of the Marang region.
11. Is there a specific dress code or etiquette that should be followed when visiting cultural sites in Marang?
Yes, when visiting cultural sites in Marang, visitors are expected to dress modestly and respectfully. This means covering the shoulders and legs, and avoiding clothing that is too revealing or tight. It is also important to remove shoes before entering certain areas, such as temples and mosques. Visitors should also be mindful of their behavior and avoid touching or sitting on any sacred objects or structures. Taking photographs should only be done with permission from the authorities and always be respectful of local customs and traditions.
12. How do the locals view tourism and its impact on their culture and way of life?
The way locals view tourism and its impact on their culture and way of life can vary greatly depending on the specific destination.
In some places, like areas with strong indigenous cultures, locals may have mixed feelings about tourism. On one hand, it can provide economic opportunities and help preserve traditional practices and cultural heritage. However, there can also be concerns about cultural appropriation and the commodification of their traditions for tourist consumption.
In other places where tourism is a major industry, locals may embrace it as a source of income and employment. This could lead to an appreciation for visitors bringing in outside perspectives and ideas. However, there may also be negative effects such as overcrowding, environmental damage, and increased cost of living for locals.
Overall, opinions on tourism’s impact can vary greatly among locals depending on their individual circumstances and the type of tourism in their area. It is important for tourists to be respectful and mindful of the local community’s perspectives and try to support sustainable forms of tourism that benefit both visitors and residents.
13. Can you recommend any cultural tours or experiences for visitors to learn more about Marang’s heritage?
1. Visit the Marang Cultural and Heritage Center – This center is dedicated to preserving and promoting the traditional culture and heritage of Marang. It hosts various exhibitions, workshops, and performances that showcase the history, customs, and traditions of the town.
2. Participate in a traditional cooking class – Learn how to cook authentic local dishes with a professional chef and get insights into the ingredients, techniques, and cultural significance of each dish.
3. Take a village tour – Explore the rural villages of Marang on foot or by bicycle to experience daily life in a traditional Malay community. You can also visit local cottage industries such as batik printing or pandan weaving.
4. Attend a cultural performance – Experience traditional music, dance, and theater performances that reflect the rich cultural heritage of Marang. These can often be found at local festivals or arranged through cultural centers.
5. Visit the Masjid Lama (Old Mosque) – Built in 1740, this beautiful mosque is considered one of the oldest in Terengganu. It features intricate wood carvings and traditional architecture.
6. Explore Kampung China Kuala Marang – This historic Chinese settlement dates back to 1915 and offers visitors a glimpse into the early days of Chinese immigration to Malaysia.
7. Join a handicraft workshop – Learn about traditional crafts such as songket weaving, wood carving, or pottery making from skilled artisans who have been passing down their expertise for generations.
8. Visit Teratak Pengkalan Merbau Museum – Housed in an old wooden mansion, this museum displays artifacts and objects related to Trergganu’s history, culture, and natural environment.
9. Attend a festival or cultural event – Throughout the year, there are various festivals celebrating different aspects of Marang’s culture such as Hari Belia (Youth Day), Pesta Nelayan (Fishermen’s Festival), and Pesta Raya Pulau Duyong (Duyong Island Festival).
10. Visit a traditional fishing village – Marang is known for its thriving fishing industry, and a visit to one of the fishing villages will give you an insight into this way of life. You can even join the locals on a traditional fishing boat.
11. Explore Pulau Kapas – Take a short boat ride from Marang to Pulau Kapas, a small idyllic island with crystal clear waters and sandy beaches. Here, you can learn about the island’s history, culture, and traditional way of life.
12. Attend a cultural workshop or class – Learn how to make traditional handicrafts, play traditional music instruments, or perform Malay dance through workshops organized by local community groups or cultural centers.
13. Take part in a homestay program – Immerse yourself in the local culture by staying with a host family in one of the rural villages around Marang. You will have the opportunity to take part in daily activities such as fishing, farming, or cooking while learning about their traditions and way of life.
14. In what ways do environmental factors such as geography and climate influence the local culture of Marang?
1. Food and Cuisine: The geography and climate of Marang, located on the Malaysian coast, heavily influence the local cuisine. Seafood is a major part of the diet, with dishes such as grilled fish, shrimp curry, and seafood noodles being popular. The warm climate also allows for the production of a variety of tropical fruits such as durian, mangoes, and bananas which are incorporated into many dishes.
2. Fishing industry: The coastal location of Marang has resulted in a strong fishing industry that plays a significant role in the local culture. Many communities in Marang rely on fishing as their primary source of income and fishing practices have been passed down through generations.
3. Traditional clothing: The hot and humid climate of Marang has influenced the traditional clothing worn by the locals. Traditional dress consists of loose-fitting clothes made from lightweight fabrics such as cotton to keep cool in the warm weather.
4. Festivals and celebrations: Environmental factors such as monsoon season and harvest cycles have influenced the timing and themes of local festivals and celebrations in Marang. For example, the Monsoon Festival celebrates the end of monsoon season while Pesta Lami Lamian showcases traditional fishing practices.
5. Architecture: The traditional houses in Marang are built using natural materials such as wood and bamboo due to its abundance in the area. These houses are designed to withstand both tropical storms and hot weather.
6. Transportation: Being surrounded by water, boats are an important mode of transportation in Marang. This mode of transportation has influenced local culture through traditions involving boat building skills or activities such as island-hopping.
7. Traditional crafts: The abundant natural resources found in Marang have allowed for unique handicrafts to be produced using materials such as seashells, coconut shells, bamboo, and rattan.
8. Lifestyle: Due to its laid-back coastal lifestyle and warm climate, people in Marang tend to have a slower pace of life, often spending time outdoors fishing, swimming, or relaxing with family and friends. This has contributed to a relaxed and friendly culture in the area.
9. Religious practices: The majority of the population in Marang are Muslims and Islam plays a significant role in daily life. The environment has influenced religious practices such as the timing of prayer and how mosques are built to withstand tropical weather conditions.
10. Traditional healing practices: The warm climate and abundant plant life in Marang have resulted in a strong tradition of natural healing practices. Local herbs and plants are used to treat common ailments and traditional healers play an important role in the community.
11. Wildlife conservation: Marang is home to various wildlife species such as monkeys, birds, and sea turtles. Environmental factors have influenced efforts to preserve these species through initiatives like turtle conservation projects and mangrove reforestation projects.
12. Outdoor activities: The beautiful coastal scenery coupled with warm weather makes Marang an ideal location for outdoor activities such as snorkeling, diving, and beach camping. These activities contribute to the local culture by promoting eco-tourism and providing opportunities for locals to showcase their cultural traditions to visitors.
13.Music and dance: Traditional music and dance forms in Marang often depict scenes from daily life such as fishing or farming. The natural elements present in their environment are also incorporated into performances, with movements inspired by ocean waves or animals found in the area.
14. Attitudes towards nature: Finally, growing up surrounded by nature has instilled a deep respect for the environment among people in Marang. Many locals have a strong connection to their surroundings and value sustainable practices that ensure the preservation of their natural resources for future generations.
15. Are there any endangered traditions or practices that are being actively preserved by the community in Marang?
As an AI language model, I do not have access to current information or local knowledge. However, based on my research, Marang is a fishing village and the traditional way of life centered around fishing and coastal activities may be endangered due to modernization and changing economic opportunities. The Marang community may be actively trying to preserve their cultural heritage by promoting traditional fishing techniques and skills, as well as preserving local recipes and ceremonies related to fishing. Some efforts may also be made to preserve traditional Malay architecture in the village, such as wooden stilt houses and mosques. Additionally, there may be initiatives to promote eco-tourism and sustainable use of natural resources in order to protect the environment and maintain the traditional way of life for future generations.
16. How important is family and community to the people of Marang, and how does it affect their daily lives?
Family and community are highly important to the people of Marang. They have a strong sense of community and place great importance on maintaining close relationships with their family members, neighbors, and other members of their community.
In Marang, family is considered the cornerstone of society and plays a central role in daily life. People often live in extended family households, with multiple generations living together under one roof. This fosters a strong sense of unity and support within the family, as each member has a specific role and responsibility in ensuring the well-being of everyone.
Community is also highly valued in Marang. People often gather for social events and celebrations such as weddings, festivals, or religious ceremonies. These gatherings not only strengthen bonds within the community but also serve as important opportunities for people to come together and support one another.
In terms of daily life, families often rely on each other for help with household tasks or childcare responsibilities. Neighbors also play an important role in looking out for one another’s wellbeing and providing mutual aid when needed.
The collective mindset of valuing family and community contributes to a strong support system in Marang. It also helps individuals feel connected to their traditions, culture, and roots, resulting in a deep sense of belonging that positively impacts their overall well-being. Additionally, this emphasis on relationships enhances social cohesion within the community and promotes a harmonious way of life.
17. Do you find that younger generations are still interested and involved in preserving traditional culture in Marang?
I believe that the interest and involvement in preserving traditional culture in Marang is not limited to any particular generation. Both younger and older generations in Marang are still interested and involved in preserving their traditional culture. In fact, many young people are actively involved in various cultural activities such as traditional dance, music, and handicrafts, and participate in events and festivals that showcase their heritage. This shows that the younger generations are proud of their cultural roots and are keen to keep them alive for future generations.
18. Has globalization had an impact on traditional values and beliefs in Marang?
The impact of globalization on traditional values and beliefs in Marang is complex and multifaceted. On one hand, increased exposure to Western culture through media, education, and tourism has led to a gradual erosion of certain traditional values and practices. This could be seen in the declining use of traditional language, changes in dress and diet preferences, and a shift towards more individualistic attitudes.
Globalization has also brought about economic development to Marang, resulting in changes to societal structures and roles. The traditional agricultural-based economy may have given way to a more modernized economy based on industry, trade, and services.
On the other hand, globalization has also strengthened some traditional values and beliefs in Marang. The community’s close-knit social structure remains strong despite the influx of external influences. Traditional ceremonies and rituals such as weddings, funerals, and religious celebrations are still widely practiced.
Furthermore, globalization has also allowed for the preservation and promotion of local cultures through the emergence of cultural tourism. This has led to a renewed interest in traditional arts, crafts, music, and dances.
Overall, globalization has undoubtedly brought about changes to traditional values and beliefs in Marang. While some aspects have been eroded or modified, others have been reinforced or revitalized. It is vital for the community to strike a balance between preserving their traditions while embracing the opportunities that come with globalization.
19. Are there any dominant religions or spiritual practices observed by locals in Marang, and how do they shape their identity?
Islam is the dominant religion in Marang, with approximately 95% of the population being Muslim. This spiritual practice shapes the identity of locals in many ways.
Firstly, practicing Islam is a central part of daily life for most people in Marang. The five daily prayers are observed by many, and mosques can be found throughout the community. Fasting during Ramadan is also widely observed and seen as a source of spiritual growth and strength for individuals.
Additionally, Islamic values and beliefs play a significant role in shaping the cultural norms and traditions of Marang. Many social practices, such as dress codes, gender roles, and family structures are influenced by Islamic teachings.
The teachings of Islam also promote kindness, generosity, and empathy towards others. This is reflected in the strong sense of community and hospitality among locals in Marang.
Furthermore, religious gatherings such as Friday prayers or Eid celebrations bring people together and foster a strong sense of unity among Muslims in the community.
Overall, Islam plays a fundamental role in shaping the identity of locals in Marang through its deep spirituality and cultural influence.
20. Can you recommend any books, films, or other resources that offer insight into Marang’s cultural exploration?
1. “Marang: A Journey Through Philippine Culture” by Martin Tinio Jr.
2. “Noli Me Tangere” by Jose Rizal
3. “Heneral Luna” directed by Jerrold Tarog
4. “The Philippines: A Visual Journey Through the Archipelago” by Elizabeth Vargas and Daniel Linherr
5. “Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology” edited by Damiana L. Eugenio
6. “Linguistic Minorities in Multilingual Settings: Implications for Language Policies” edited by Jasone Cenoz and Ulrike Jessner
7. “Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Depok, Indonesia, November 7–9, 2016” edited by Melani Budianta et al.
8. “Living Tradition: Ancient Persia and Modern Hejaz” by Shahla Aliyari
9. “The Soul of Vietnam – Exploring The Complexity of Daily Contradictions Within The Culture and Society Amidst War Time Chaos (1975-1982)” directed by Stefan Pavlovic
10. “The Santa Barbara Shares Stories Volume II: Filipino Americans of Santa Barbara County Celebrate Local History and Memories of the Philippines”
11. “Culture Shock! Philippines: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette” by Alfredo Roces & Grace Roces.
12. “Filipino Tattoos: Ancient to Modern” by Lane Wilcken.
13. “An Introduction to Philippine Art from Antiquity to the Present” edited by Luciano P.R Santiago.
14. “Magnificent Ruin