1. What is the history behind Van Mieu (Temple of Literature) in Hanoi, Vietnam?
The Temple of Literature, also known as Van Mieu, is a historical complex located in Hanoi, Vietnam. It was built in 1070 during the reign of King Ly Thai To as Vietnam’s first national university and dedicated to Confucius and his disciples.
The site where the Temple of Literature now stands was originally a palace complex used by kings of theLy dynasty (1009-1225). In 1070, King Ly Thai To decided to convert the site into a center for higher education for members of the noble class and mandarins (officials) of the imperial court. He dedicated the complex to Confucius, who was highly revered by Vietnamese rulers at that time.
The original architecture of the Temple of Literature was based on Chinese architectural styles, with five courtyards surrounded by walls, stone pathways, and gardens. The main hall served as a place for ceremonies and worship of Confucius. The other four halls were used for teaching and exams.
Over time, the Temple of Literature expanded as new structures were added by different dynasties and rulers. During the Le dynasty (1428-1789), it became Vietnam’s leading center for Confucian scholarship. In 1484, Emperor Le Thanh Tong ordered inscriptions to be carved onto stone steles with names and achievements of outstanding scholars who passed royal examinations. These steles can still be found at the temple today.
During French colonization (1887-1954), many changes were made to the temple complex. The French added new buildings such as an administrative building which is now used as a museum displaying artifacts related to Vietnamese history and culture.
Today, Van Mieu (Temple of Literature) remains a symbol of Vietnam’s long-standing tradition in education and Confucian philosophy. It is also one of Hanoi’s most popular tourist attractions, attracting millions of visitors each year. In 2010, the complex was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
2. How old is the Temple of Literature and when was it built?
The Temple of Literature is over 1,000 years old and was built in 1070 during the reign of Emperor Lý Thánh Tông. It was dedicated to Confucius as a center of learning and education for Vietnamese aristocrats, nobles, and mandarins.
3. Who were the initial builders and what was the purpose of building this landmark?
The Taj Mahal was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century as a mausoleum for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. The primary purpose of building the Taj Mahal was to honor and commemorate her memory and love.
4. Are there any famous historical events associated with Van Mieu?
Yes, Van Mieu has been the site of several key historical events in Vietnamese history:
1. The founding of the Confucian Temple: In 1070 AD, Emperor Ly Thanh Tong ordered the construction of Van Mieu as a place to worship Confucius and honor scholars and achievements in education.
2. The establishment of the Imperial Academy: In 1076 AD, Emperor Ly Nhan Tong appointed Van Mieu as the first Imperial Academy to train civil servants for the empire.
3. Renovations during the Le dynasty: During the 15th century, Emperor Le Thanh Tong ordered significant renovations to Van Mieu, including adding more stelae and expanding the grounds.
4. Destruction during wars: Van Mieu was heavily damaged during wars in Vietnam, particularly during the Mongol invasions in the 13th century and during French colonisation in the late 19th century.
5. Restoration by President Ho Chi Minh: After Independence Day on September 2nd,1945, President Ho Chi Minh personally visited Van Mieu and initiated restoration efforts to preserve it as a cultural and educational heritage site.
6. Historical significance as a symbol of education: Van Mieu has long been seen as a symbol of education and was used as an inspiration for school design across Vietnam. It also played a key role in promoting Confucian scholarship and traditional values throughout Vietnamese history.
5. Can visitors explore the whole complex or are certain areas restricted to the public?
Visitors are typically able to explore the whole complex, although there may be certain areas that are restricted for safety reasons or due to ongoing construction or renovations. Visitors may also need permission to access certain areas, such as private residences or government offices. Some areas of the complex may require a separate ticket or guided tour, such as the Forbidden City within the imperial palace. It is best to check with the specific site’s visitor center or website for any restrictions or special access requirements before planning a visit.
6. Is there an entrance fee to visit Van Mieu and how much does it cost?
The entrance fee for Van Mieu is 30,000 VND (approximately $1.30 USD) per person for adults and 15,000 VND (approximately $0.65 USD) for children under 15 years old. Children under the age of 6 are free to enter. Students with a valid student ID from a Vietnamese university or college can enter for free as well. Visitors can purchase tickets at the main entrance of the site.
7. What architectural style does the Temple of Literature showcase?
The Temple of Literature showcases traditional Vietnamese architecture, specifically the “Van Mieu” style. This style is a blend of influences from Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism and is characterized by symmetry, harmony, and the use of wooden structures.
8. Are there any significant religious or cultural ceremonies held at Van Mieu?
Yes, there are several significant religious and cultural ceremonies held at Van Mieu throughout the year. These include:
1. Tet Festival: Held during the Lunar New Year, this festival features traditional folk games, music performances, and a special Tet ceremony at Van Mieu’s main temple.
2. Vietnamese Teacher’s Day: Celebrated on November 20th every year, this day honors teachers and pays tribute to Confucius, who is considered the “ultimate teacher.” A special ceremony is held at Van Mieu to commemorate this occasion.
3. Graduation Ceremonies: Many universities in Hanoi hold their graduation ceremonies at Van Mieu as a way to honor academic achievements and pay tribute to the temple of literature.
4. Buddha’s Birthday: On this auspicious occasion, Buddhist monks perform rituals and prayers at Van Mieu to celebrate the birth of Buddha.
5. Traditional Vietnamese Weddings: Many couples choose to have their wedding ceremonies at Van Mieu as it is considered a place of great cultural significance.
6. Cultural Festivals: Throughout the year, different cultural festivals showcasing Vietnam’s traditions and customs are also held at Van Mieu.
7. Confucian Rituals: In honor of Confucius, various Confucian rituals are held at Van Mieu, including offerings of incense and food, as well as recitations from his teachings.
8. Calligraphy Festivals: As calligraphy is closely linked with Confucianism and education in Vietnam, calligraphers often gather at Van Mieu to showcase their skills during calligraphy festivals.
9. Is this temple still functioning as a place for learning and education?
Yes, this temple is still functioning as a place for learning and education. It offers classes on various subjects, including meditation, ancient scriptures, and Eastern philosophy. It also hosts workshops and seminars on topics related to mindfulness and personal growth. Additionally, it has a library that is open to the public for reading and research on spiritual practices.
10. What different structures can be found within the Temple of Literature complex?
The Temple of Literature complex, also known as the Imperial Academy, is a sprawling compound that includes various structures such as:
1. The Gate: The entrance to the complex is marked by a grand ceremonial gate called Dai Thanh Mon or “Gate of Great Success”.
2. The Well of Heavenly Clarity: Located in front of the gate, this well is believed to have sacred powers and was used for ritual purification by students before exams.
3. The Stele Pavilion: This pavilion houses the steles (stone tablets) on which are inscribed the names of successful candidates in the royal examinations.
4. The Front Courtyard: A large open space with a central red bridge leading to the main part of the complex.
5. Khue Van Cac (Pavilion of Literary Glory): This iconic structure features a curved roof and eight sides, symbolizing power and luck.
6. Thien Quang Well (Well of Sunlight): This well is said to bring good luck to those who drink its water.
7. The House of Ceremonies: Used for important ceremonies and rituals, this building has intricate carvings and designs.
8. Haodaotien Gate (Gate of Harvested Virtue): Another ceremonial gate leading into the second courtyard.
9. Thai Hoc House (House of Royal Diplomas): Houses ancient diplomas awarded by emperors to outstanding scholars.
10.The Imperial Enclosure: A series of courtyards that lead to the Main Sanctuary, where statues dedicated to Confucius are housed.
11. Are there any unique features or decorations inside The Hall of Great Works (Dai Trung Mon)?
The Hall of Great Works (Dai Trung Mon) is an architectural masterpiece, with several unique features and decorations inside that make it a truly special place. Some of these features and decorations include:
1. Dragon statues: The Hall of Great Works houses several impressive dragon statues, which are considered to be sacred creatures in Vietnamese culture and signify strength and power.
2. Imperial throne: Inside the hall, there is a magnificent imperial throne, where emperors sat during important ceremonies and meetings.
3. Mosaic floor: The floor of the hall is adorned with a beautiful mosaic pattern, made up of intricately designed tiles.
4. Lacquered columns: The columns inside the hall are exquisitely decorated with intricate lacquer work, showcasing Vietnam’s rich artistic tradition.
5. Gold leaf ceilings: The ceiling of the hall is covered in gold leaf, creating a dazzling display of royal opulence.
6. Paintings and calligraphy: The walls of the hall are adorned with beautifully preserved paintings depicting important historical events or scenes from nature. There are also inscriptions of Chinese calligraphy throughout the hall.
7. Statue of Confucius: In one corner of the hall stands a statue of Confucius, who was revered as a great teacher by Vietnamese emperors.
8. Royal insignia: The symbols representing imperial authority – such as dragons and phoenixes – can be seen throughout the hall in various forms, including on banners, pillars and furniture.
9. Dragon stairs: At the entrance to the hall stands a grand staircase adorned with dragon sculptures on both sides, leading visitors up to the main entrance.
10. Bronze plaques: Several bronze plaques hang on the walls inside Dai Trung Mon, commemorating significant achievements by past rulers or recounting important events in Vietnamese history.
11. Bamboo screens: Traditional bamboo screens decorate some areas within the hall providing privacy while still allowing light and air to flow through, adding to the serene atmosphere of the space.
12. Who would find a visit to Van Mieu most interesting – history enthusiasts, art lovers or both?
Both history enthusiasts and art lovers would find a visit to Van Mieu interesting. The Temple of Literature is a significant historical landmark as it was the first university in Vietnam, founded over 1,000 years ago. As a result, history enthusiasts would be interested in learning about its origins and significance in Vietnamese education. Additionally, Van Mieu is also known for its beautiful architecture and intricate details such as the Imperial Academy stone tablets and well-preserved statues. This will appeal to art lovers who appreciate traditional Vietnamese art and design. Overall, both groups of people can appreciate the rich history and cultural significance of Van Mieu.
13. Is photography allowed inside Van Mieu’s premises?
Photography is allowed inside Van Mieu’s premises. However, tripods and professional photography equipment may require advance permission from the management. Personal use of cameras and smartphones is generally permitted. It is also important to respect the cultural and religious significance of the buildings and statues by not taking disrespectful or intrusive photos.
14. Is there a specific dress code to be followed while visiting this historical landmark?
There is no specific dress code for visiting historical landmarks, but it is recommended to dress modestly and respectfully.
15. Can visitors get guided tours of the Temple of Literature or is it self-guided only?
Visitors can get both guided and self-guided tours of the Temple of Literature. There are English-speaking guides available on-site for a fee, or visitors can also opt to explore the temple on their own using maps or guidebooks.
16. What are some nearby attractions that one can visit after exploring Van Mieu?
Some nearby attractions that one can visit after exploring Van Mieu are:
1. Hoa Lo Prison Museum – a former prison turned museum that showcases the history of Vietnamese political prisoners.
2. Hanoi Old Quarter – a bustling area with narrow streets, traditional architecture, and various shops and restaurants.
3. Hoan Kiem Lake – a picturesque lake in the heart of Hanoi’s Old Quarter.
4. One Pillar Pagoda – an iconic Buddhist temple built on a single stone pillar and surrounded by lotus ponds.
5. Vietnam Museum of Ethnology – a museum showcasing the diverse cultures and traditions of Vietnam’s 54 ethnic groups.
6. Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum – a well-known complex where the embalmed body of former Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh is preserved.
7. Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre – an entertaining traditional puppet show that depicts folk tales and daily life in Vietnam.
8. Long Bien Bridge – a significant historic bridge built during French colonial rule, offering beautiful views of the Red River and surrounding areas.
17. How has Van Mieu evolved over time – has it undergone any major renovations or changes?
Van Mieu, also known as the Temple of Literature, has undergone significant changes and renovations since it was first built in 1070. Originally constructed as a Confucian temple to honor scholars and literary accomplishments, the complex has evolved over the centuries to serve different purposes.
1. Changes during the Ly Dynasty:
During the Ly Dynasty (1009-1225), the Temple of Literature was established by Emperor Ly Thanh Tong to educate and select talented scholars for government positions. The original layout consisted of five courtyards, with a gate at each one. Within these courtyards were various pavilions and halls for studying and exams.
2. Expansion under the Le-Tran Dynasty:
In the early 15th century, during the Le-Tran Dynasty, the complex underwent a major expansion with additional buildings and shrines added. The Main Hall (Dai Thanh) was also built during this time, serving as a place for ceremonies and worship.
3. Renovations under Nguyen Emperors:
In 1802, when Vietnam became unified under the Nguyen Dynasty, Van Mieu was declared an imperial academy for training high-ranking officials. As such, it underwent extensive renovations to accommodate this new function. These included building two additional gates at both ends of the complex and adding several more structures such as Hai Nam Assembly House and Khue Van Pavilion.
4. Decline during French Colonial Period:
During the French colonial period (1862-1954), Van Mieu fell into disrepair as many buildings were damaged or destroyed due to neglect or war.
5. Restoration after Independence:
After Vietnam gained independence in 1945, there were efforts to restore Van Mieu to its former glory. However, it wasn’t until 1986 that major restoration works began under the direction of UNESCO.
6.Restoration in Modern Times:
Since then, there have been multiple efforts to preserve and restore the complex, with major renovations taking place in 1999 and 2016. These efforts have helped to maintain the authenticity and beauty of Van Mieu, making it a popular tourist destination and an important cultural site in Hanoi.
18. Are there any souvenir shops or cafes within the complex for tourists to take a break at?
Yes, many of the larger shopping complexes in Singapore have souvenir shops selling a variety of locally made gifts and souvenirs. Some also have cafes or food courts for visitors to take a break and grab a bite to eat.
19. Can visitors witness traditional performances such as music and dance at Van Mieu?
Yes, visitors can witness traditional performances such as music and dance at Van Mieu. The site often hosts cultural events and festivals where traditional performances are showcased. Additionally, there are also regular performances by local artists at the Confucian Temple inside Van Mieu.
20.Can you suggest the best time of day to visit this attraction in order to avoid crowds and get stunning photographs?
The best time to visit would be either early morning or late afternoon. This is when the lighting is soft and golden, making for beautiful photographs. Plus, most people tend to visit attractions during midday, so you can avoid crowds by going at a less popular time of day.